I touched on the HCQ / Zinc ionophore issue here: https://www.longecit...inc-ionophores/
From the paper: The above report does allude to HCQ possibly getting zinc into the cytoplasm through an alternate mechanism:
"Molecular simulations show hydroxychloroquine-triggered helix perturbation in zinc-finger protein without zinc chelation, a potential alternative non-ionophoric mechanism."
Joesixpack sent me a link on zinc ionophores on the page I linked to above. Apparently there are "channel ionophores" which take zinc directly into cytoplasm, and "carrier ionophores" which transport zinc through the cell wall, but may contain it within lysosomes. I recall Chris Masterjohn commenting on zinc being "carried" into the cell, but being trapped in the lysosomes where it wouldn't inhibit viral reproduction which occurs in cytoplasm.
We do know Chloroquine is a channel ionophore... Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore (PMID: 25271834) & this got me thinking old school quinine which is organic form chloroquine might be a better COVID combo with zinc.
I got some quinine (300mg/tab) from overseas pharmacy, and now take this with zinc if I ever get suspicious symptoms. This may be a superior ionophore, & the half life is much shorter than HCQ or old school chloroquine. If there is ever a surge of new & deadly variant, I'll be back on my HCQ though, as effectiveness has been fairly well documented when this is taken properly with the proper co-factor... ZINC!
Very interesting!
I did not know about channel ionophores versus carrier ionophores, and that it may only be the former which delivers zinc into the cell in a way that facilitates zinc's antiviral effects.
Though I could not find anything on Google about carrier ionophores transporting zinc within lysosomes when I searched just now. I'd be interesting in finding a study on this.
But if this is true, it seems that chloroquine would be a safer bet as a reliable zinc ionophore.
A while back I came across this paper which quantifies the efficacy of various zinc ionophore supplements, comparing these to the standard zinc ionophores clioquinol and pyrithione. These were the findings:
Zinc Ionophore Potency
clioquinol 57-fold
pyrithione 54-fold
epigallocatechin-3-gallate 36-fold
quercetin 18-fold
luteolin 12-fold
tannic acid 12-fold
gallic acid 8-fold
rutin 4-fold
dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) 4-fold
caffeic acid 3-fold
catechin hydrate 2-fold
catechol 2-fold
genistein 2-fold
As you can see, EGCG has a potency approaching that of clioquinol. And clioquinol is much more potent than chloroquine, if you look at figure 4 of this paper.
But of course these are in vitro potency figures, and pharmacokinetic factors such as bioavailability and blood plasma protein binding will affect the final in vivo potency.
Though I wonder if ECGC is a channel ionophore or carrier ionophore?
In vitro, resveratrol at a concentration of 10 μM has been shown to substantially increase intracellular zinc.
And PBT2 is a safe-for-human-use zinc ionophore.
Lots of zinc ionophores listed here: https://en.wikipedia...wiki/Ionophore
Edited by Hip, 30 July 2023 - 05:58 AM.