28 replies to this topic

[Linux]

FDA is taking urgent measures to protect consumers from certain products that, without approval or authorization by FDA, claim to mitigate, prevent, treat, diagnose, or cure COVID-19 in people.

As described below, you sell products that are intended to mitigate, prevent, treat, diagnose, or cure COVID-19 in people.

We request that you take immediate action to cease the sale of such unapproved and unauthorized products for the mitigation, prevention, treatment, diagnosis, or cure of COVID-19.

Some examples of the claims on your websites that establish the intended use of your products and misleadingly represent them as safe and/or effective for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19 include:

• “NMN shows great promise in case studies of humans with COVID-19. . . . The NMN mixture lead to a surprisingly rapid and thorough reversal of COVID-19. . . . A strong causal relationship is established between an oral boosted NMN and the clinical improvement seen with the below described COVID-19 patient. . . . NMN cocktail may play a role in reversing potentially fatal cytokine storm. . . . COVID-19 complications may be reversible by NAD+ repletion. . . . There is growing evidence that supplementation with NAD+ boosters may be an effective tool in preventing the ‘cytokine storm’ in response to excessive inflammation from COVID-19.” [from your website https://alivebynatur...-case-studies/]
• “Research shows NAD+ treatment may help prevent death from bacterial infection . . . COVID-19 parallel . . . COVID-19 also provokes a ‘cytokine storm’ from the immune system that increases inflammation and drains the body of NAD+ in response. The authors or [sic] this review believe NAD+ supplementation may prove beneficial in fighting COVID-19 for the same reason NAD+ injections prevented death in E.coli infections. NAD+ supplementation provides the body with the NAD+ needed to fight inflammation while continuing to carry out all necessary cellular functions.” [from your website https://alivebynatur...-septic-shock/]
• “New study ties low NAD+ levels to high morbidity rates in COVID-19 . . . Low NAD+ Levels Could Be Tied to Higher Severity and Morbidity Rates in COVID-19 Pandemic . . . NAD+ is essential for our resistance to viral infections . . . NAD+ supplementation may help our immune system fight COVID-19 . . . The added immunity protection provided by our NAD+ boosters is a good precautionary step in the fight to protect yourself from COVID-19. Discover supplements to boost your NAD+ levels and fortify your immune system here.” [from your website https://alivebynatur...-19-pandemic​/]
• “Given the developments of the Coronavirus (COVID-10) [sic], we wanted to stress that all of our products contain high-performance, clinical grade ingredients that are 100% natural and created without the use of solvents, toxins or additives. Our products have immune boosting capabilities and potential to support a healthy immune system. . . . Could NAD+ change the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic?” [from a March 16, 2020 posting on your social medial website, www.facebook.com/alivebynature/]

 

FDA is advising consumers not to purchase or use certain products that have not been approved, cleared, or authorized by FDA and that are being misleadingly represented as safe and/or effective for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. 

Your firm will be added to a published list on FDA’s website of firms and websites that have received warning letters from FDA concerning the sale or distribution of COVID-19 related products in violation of the FD&C Act. 

This list can be found at http://www.fda.gov/consumers/health-fraud-scams/fraudulent-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-products. 

 

https://www.fda.gov/...607435-05062020

 

 

[Linux]

AliveByNature got 48 hours by the FDA to remove all misleading and fraudulent claims from their website. This is the second warning letter that AliveByNature receives from the FDA.

 

AliveByNature silently removed all of their COVID-19 articles but still claim in their forums that their products may treat, prevent or ameliorate COVID-19 infections.

Edited by Linux, 09 May 2020 - 09:41 AM.

[Turnbuckle]

Fission promoters may well make certain viral infections worse, especially those that propagate via apoptosis, so it would be interesting to see any contrary evidence. Unfortunately, the FDA has eliminated all of it, even from the way back machine.

 

Edit: The first link is still available from Google cache. It is just one case, which can also be found here--

 

Day 14, 15 – Dramatic Improvement begins 12 hours after treatment initiated

12 hours after receiving the NMN cocktail,her white blood cell count increased by 85%. After just thirty-six hour her O2% sat levels fever returned to normal (afebrile). CRP levels also dramatically improved.

 

Quite unexpectedly, 12 hours later, her absolute lymphocyte count increased by 85%. Thirty-six hours later, after two weeks of high fever, she abruptly became afebrile while simultaneous improvements in her O2 % sats and clinical condition were observed.

 

Day 15-17 – Continued Improvement

“On day 15-17, her clinical signs (shortness of breath, body aches, RA oxygenation, CXR) and prognostic laboratory markers (CRP and absolute lymphocyte count) rapidly and dramatically improved.”​

 

Day 17 – Patient discharged home, continuing NMN cocktail treatments

The patient was discharged home, continued NMN cocktail treatments, and experienced near normal breathing.

 

“she was discharged home on oral NMN/betaine/NaCl/Zinc BID with near normal oxygenation despite residual (improving) bilateral pneumonias”

 

Day 20 – Third day home walking multiple times per day, no sign of virus in nasal test

The patient continued to gain strength and after a few days was walking multiple times per day.

 

 

 

 

Edited by Turnbuckle, 09 May 2020 - 03:03 PM.

[Harkijn]

I wonder why they did not step in earlier. Though I think taking an NAD precursor may be useful when you have an infectious disease, ABN's claims were outrageous.

[Linux]

 

Fission promoters may well make certain viral infections worse, especially those that propagate via apoptosis, so it would be interesting to see any contrary evidence. Unfortunately, the FDA has eliminated all of it, even from the way back machine.

 

Edit: The first link is still available from Google cache. It is just one case, which can also be found here--

 

 

 

 

AliveByNature conveniently fails to mention that the "NMN cocktail" in the single subject also consisted of two drugs: Chloroquine and azithromycin. There´s simply no way of knowing what influenced her recovery. It could have been the pharmaceutical drugs, the NMN or neither.

[able]

AliveByNature conveniently fails to mention that the "NMN cocktail" in the single subject also consisted of two drugs: Chloroquine and azithromycin. There´s simply no way of knowing what influenced her recovery. It could have been the pharmaceutical drugs, the NMN or neither.

 

 

Actually no.  

 

Dr Huzienga has been treating patients with hydroxycholoquine and azithromycin.  If they don't respond, he uses NMN + Nacl + TMG - his "NMN coctail".

 

From the case review he wrote on one patient, it has shown very good results.

 

This confirms research by Chromadex and others that NAD+ drops up to 80% with Covid, and boosting NAD+ seems to be very beneficial.

 

Here's the case review of one of his patients:

 

Dramatic Cytokine Storm Reversal with an Over the Counter NMN Cockt

 

Looks promising to me. But of course FDA  doesn't like anyone talking about benefits of Vitamin C,D or NAD+.  

 

Facebook is removing videos that talk about vitamin D even though many studies show a 2x worse survival in those with low Vitamin D.  One study  10x worse for those with very low vitamin D.

 

I'll continue with my vitamins, NAD+, exercise, and diet - far more effective than anything the FDA has to offer.

[Linux]

Actually no.  

 

Dr Huzienga has been treating patients with hydroxycholoquine and azithromycin.  If they don't respond, he uses NMN + Nacl + TMG - his "NMN coctail".

 

I'll continue with my vitamins, NAD+, exercise, and diet - far more effective than anything the FDA has to offer.

 

Actually yes.

 

Let me count the ways this case study doesn´t prove anything.

 

1. It is a case study with only ONE patient
2. by using pharmaceutical drugs hydroxycholoquine and azithromycin in this patient and then adding NMN we have no idea what helped this patient recover, if any of these compunds
3. There´s no control
4. There´s no placebo

Relax. No one is taking your vitamins (or guns) away from you. You can keep taking whatever you want, that is not the issue here. Doctors need to know what works in COVID-19 patients. They can´t just prescribe random vitamin cocktails that you take without any evidence that they work.

 

Real clinical trials with control groups will be able to answer if a drug or supplement actually helps in COVID-19. This anecdotal case report proves absolutely nothing.

Edited by Linux, 10 May 2020 - 08:10 AM.

[Turnbuckle]

They can´t just prescribe random vitamin cocktails that you take without any evidence that they work.

 

 

 

While they aren't prescription drugs, they can certainly give them to you or advise you to take them. Some even sell nutritional products to patients.

Edited by Turnbuckle, 10 May 2020 - 09:44 AM.

[Linux]

They can't formally prescribe them as they aren't prescription drugs, but they can certainly give them to you or advise you to take them. Some even sell them to patients.

 

We need evidence and currently there´s no evidence that NAD+ precursors will do anything in a COVID-19 infection, despite AliveByNature´s failed marketing attempt at convincing customers that.

 

David Sinclair says that he´s been contacting hospitals and giving them NMN to use in patients. If that is some part of a formal trial I don´t know. 

Edited by Linux, 10 May 2020 - 09:46 AM.

[able]

Of course a case study isn't proof of effectiveness.  We need trials.

 

It sound like Dr Huzienga, Dr Sinclair, Shinkowa Pharma and others are doing so with NMN, and Chromadex with NR.

 

Chromadex shows NAD+ levels drop by 80% with Covid.  Of course, thats not proof that taking NR helps, but makes me believe it is very likely to help, and little downside.

 

With all the activity I hope we get results soon!

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shinkowa Pharmaceutical Launches a Research to Scientifically Substantiate Biological Safe Material, NMN’s Effect of Improving Immune System as an Infection Control Measure of COVID-19 and Other Infections

TOKYO--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Shinkowa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Head Office: Tokyo Chuo-Ward, CEO: Megumi Tanaka) is the largest nutraceutical (health supplemental food which is scientifically proved) producer of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) blended nutraceutical, which is effective to maintain health and longevity, providing high-purity NMN to universities and researchers both domestic and foreign.

It launches a research to scientifically substantiate biological safe material, NMN’s effect of improving immune system as an infection control measure of COVID-19 and other infections. And our goal is to apply the research result to prevent and treat infections.

Our in-house research laboratory, Life Science Lab has confirmed that expression level increases at the level of protein in longevity gene or so-called anti-aging gene such as Sirtuin 1, and quantity of mitochondria which reforms nutrition in cells to energy effectively when we add NMN appropriately to human cells in culture solution.
The result scientifically shows that our product, NMN fully uses enormous types of genes which are embedded in human genome via adjustment by Sirtuin 1 and maintain the intracellular mechanism by circulating energy exhaustively at the same time.

The above result strongly suggests a possibility that NMN can reinforce immunity when it effects immune system cells (lymphocytic T cell etc.)

We are now engaging in an experiment to observe how CD4⁺ helper T cell and CD8⁺killer T cell, which is the main immunity system against infections, will be adjusted appropriately by NMN to look for a way to apply NMN as precaution and treatment of infections. The experiment is conducted under conditions that imitates various human body where T cell functions such as in bloodstream, capillary vessel and infiltration system with special facilities which can cultivate cells. We are also analyzing how T cell reacts to NMN under specific body’s internal environment and its molecular mechanism.

Many research institutes and hospitals are encouraging people to strengthen immunity since effective treatments, remedies and vaccines for COVID-19 have not been developed yet.
It is empirically supposed that taking enough sleep, meals (alimentation), exercise and stress minimization have certain effect on reinforcing immunity. However, these are not supported by scientific point of view. Moreover, it is not easy to practice these recommendations perfectly under the quarantine to restrain COVID-19 to spread.

We have been consistently analyzing and practicing the in vivo mechanism that taking NMN-blended nutraceutical (health supplemental food which is scientifically proved. It is said that it has higher reliability than any supplement) can resist so-called immune deficiency, a continuous and indulgent physical disorder but which has not been regarded as an illness either as a healthy condition.

In the midst of these ongoing efforts and facing the current pandemic of COVID-19, we are accelerating our research aimed at improving the immune system to prevent viral infections and severe illness.

The research is cooperated with The System Biology Institute (Representative ; Dr. Kitano Hiroaki) to lead a research of control and preventive effect against allergy, inflammation, cytokine storm (severe shock-like conditions caused by a runway immune system) and mainly pulmonary disease. (It is reported on a recent paper on The Lancet, one of the 5 prestigious medical journals that cytokine storm is highly related to worsen COVID-19 patients’ condition.)

Besides, we have decided to launch a new clinical trial as a pilot study with medical research institutes to observe various parameters related to immunity such as the number of CD8⁺ killer T cell in human (tester) blood, specification of the number of type and quantity of cells in the tester’s intestinal flora at the species level to confirm those parameters can be increased by taking NMN.

This trial aims to analyze improvements which are based on the test result precisely and to obtain scientific evidence by improving physical disorders and prevention and reinforcing immunity to prove human’s potential strength which can contribute to preventions of epidemics.
And the result of the trial is expected to be disclosed and used effectively by various research institutes.

We established a reputation as pioneer of NMN bio-venture company which conducted the first NMN clinical trial with human body, launched various science-based products, and in charge of both research and sales. We are also aiming to contribute to the society by improving Quality Of Life.

Our NMN is well known as its high purity and stability, which is over 99%, and its safety is tested both with human and rodent. There are only 2 companies in the world who produces such high quality NMN including Shinkowa Pharmaceutical.

 

Edited by able, 11 May 2020 - 04:18 PM.

[Turnbuckle]

 

 

Chromadex shows NAD+ levels drop by 80% with Covid.  Of course, thats not proof that taking NR helps, but makes me believe it is very likely to help, and little downside.

 

 

Are you sure of that? SARS, another coronavirus, stimulates apoptosis to get out of the infected cells. High NAD+ levels stimulate mito fission, and fission is required for apoptosis. 

 

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV)...

The virus genome encodes eight accessory proteins designated ORF-3a, 3b, 6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b and 9b. Several have identified functions. ORF-3a triggers cellular apoptosis, ORF-7a activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), ORF3b upregulates the expression of several cytokines and chemokines, ORF-6 reduces interferon production; ORF-8a triggers cellular apoptosis,

 

https://www.ncbi.nlm...les/PMC4179872/

 

 

Edited by Turnbuckle, 11 May 2020 - 05:18 PM.

[Hermuller]

NMN with nicotinamide feedback loop blockers (betaine) absorption boosters (NaCl) and Nrf2 boosters (including zinc sulfate) are also safe and well tolerated and have markedly lowered human cytokine levels (CRP, IL-6) in healthy elderly subjects (authors’ preliminary 4-month clinical data).

 

Huh, NaCl... that's salt. Listed as absorption booster. Does that help with the bio-availability problem of NMN taken orally at all?

 

And about this case study... I find it interesting. Defo worth exploring. I mean if you give it to people and they dramatically get better from the placebo effect then it's still worth giving it to them, right? ;-) Funnily enough tho all the previous medications given didn't magically create a placebo effect *big thinking*

 

Given that NMN is supposed to basically somewhat rejuvenate your body it also makes sense why it'd help against Covid... it'd help against any disease basically, given that it improves all bodily functions and the immune system is all we got atm. I mean loads of people have the virus but don't go on showing dramatic symptoms, younger bodies stronger immune systems. Old people have much much higher fatality rate. If you think of this as a puzzle it just kinda fits... if it weren't for the bio-availability issue of NMN taken orally mixed with what I recently read somewhere here no source damnit but it said sth like NMN gets into the blood / or gets stuck in Liver and so it's still pointless even if it gets in. Hmmmmmm. Help me think thru this someone :D

[LawrenceW]

if it weren't for the bio-availability issue of NMN taken orally mixed with what I recently read somewhere here no source damnit but it said sth like NMN gets into the blood / or gets stuck in Liver and so it's still pointless even if it gets in. Hmmmmmm. Help me think thru this someone :D

 

 

The problem is that you have been reading the anti NMN spin being generated by MikeDC / Chromadex.

 

From this study: https://www.nature.c...2255-018-0009-4

 

"We have previously shown that NMN is absorbed from the gut into blood circulation within 2–3 min and transported into tissues within 10–30 min (refs 5,15). NMN is then immediately utilized for NAD+ biosynthesis, significantly increasing NAD+ content in tissues over 60 min. This fast pharmacokinetics has recently been confirmed by using doubly labelled isotopic NMN (C13-D-NMN), showing its rapid absorption and conversion to NAD+ in peripheral tissues15. "

[Linux]

 

From this study: https://www.nature.c...2255-018-0009-4

 

"We have previously shown that NMN is absorbed from the gut into blood circulation within 2–3 min and transported into tissues within 10–30 min (refs 5,15). NMN is then immediately utilized for NAD+ biosynthesis, significantly increasing NAD+ content in tissues over 60 min. This fast pharmacokinetics has recently been confirmed by using doubly labelled isotopic NMN (C13-D-NMN), showing its rapid absorption and conversion to NAD+ in peripheral tissues15. "

 

That quote refers to what is seen in MICE, not humans. 

[able]

That quote refers to what is seen in MICE, not humans. 

 

Is there any research at all, in mice or humans, that shows any NR at all ever makes it into the bloodstream?   

 

The study Lawrence quotes shows labelled NMN does indeed make it to blood and muscle.   I'm not aware of any such finding that NR is ever found to make it to the bloodstream as NR.

[MikeDC]

Is there any research at all, in mice or humans, that shows any NR at all ever makes it into the bloodstream?

The study Lawrence quotes shows labelled NMN does indeed make it to blood and muscle. I'm not aware of any such finding that NR is ever found to make it to the bloodstream as NR.

https://www.cell.com...d/S1550-4131(18)30196-7

More NR made into tissues intact than NMN.

Attached Files

•  B005868E-C9CD-4A4E-90CC-ABA60588DE76.png   315.94KB   0 downloads

Edited by MikeDC, 17 May 2020 - 08:58 PM.

[MikeDC]

The problem is that you have been reading the anti NMN spin being generated by MikeDC / Chromadex.

From this study: https://www.nature.c...2255-018-0009-4

"We have previously shown that NMN is absorbed from the gut into blood circulation within 2–3 min and transported into tissues within 10–30 min (refs 5,15). NMN is then immediately utilized for NAD+ biosynthesis, significantly increasing NAD+ content in tissues over 60 min. This fast pharmacokinetics has recently been confirmed by using doubly labelled isotopic NMN (C13-D-NMN), showing its rapid absorption and conversion to NAD+ in peripheral tissues15. "

They only monitored the initial absorption which accounts only 5% of the total. Yes NR does the same.

[Harkijn]

https://www.cell.com...d/S1550-4131(18)30196-7

More NR made into tissues intact than NMN.

This link seems broke?

[kurdishfella]

wtf? where is the freedoom of speech? alivebynature should be able to say anything they want especially if they have proof with studies.

[Hermuller]

Hm wait, one study is about Mice, the other about NR using human cells but not in live humans, but somehow extracted cells am I understanding that somewhat correctly? And there the statement is that NR is not orally reaching tissue ("Intravenous, but not oral, nicotinamide riboside is delivered

intact to tissues). How can one draw proper conclusions here or am I missing something

 

just thinking out loud:

 

"Intravenous administration of nicotinamide riboside or mononucleotide delivered intact molecules to multiple tissues, but the same agents given orally were metabolized to nicotinamide in the liver."

https://www.cell.com...4131(18)30196-7

- so thats both NR & NMN intravenous, but both orally become nicotinamide in liver (dunno what last part means. Maybe related to what Attia said about it getting stuck in Liver, so not getting anywhere useful? (unless sth else happens afterwards but maybe that was accounted for)

- curiously NR is mentioned in highlight & graphic, not NMN. but both mentioned in abstract so info closeby. just curious coz of "rivalry" between NR & NMN

Edited by Hermuller, 18 May 2020 - 11:38 AM.

[LawrenceW]

https://www.cell.com...d/S1550-4131(18)30196-7

More NR made into tissues intact than NMN.

 

 

MikeDC.

 

How many times do we have to go through this?

 

From this study:  https://www.nature.c...2255-018-0009-4

 

"Additionally, how to analyse the in vivo kinetics of NMN is also critical, and the results could be significantly affected by differences in sample collection and extraction methodologies22,23. For example, plasma samples need to be processed immediately after collection, as we did in this study, because freezing blood or plasma samples causes inaccurate measures of NMN levels."

 

In the Liu study you keep referring to, she froze the blood / plasma samples before testing for NMN, thereby causing inaccuracies in her measurement of NMN levels, thereby requiring that one disregards all of her conclusions regarding NMN blood / plasma levels.

[MikeDC]

MikeDC.

How many times do we have to go through this?

From this study: https://www.nature.c...2255-018-0009-4

"Additionally, how to analyse the in vivo kinetics of NMN is also critical, and the results could be significantly affected by differences in sample collection and extraction methodologies22,23. For example, plasma samples need to be processed immediately after collection, as we did in this study, because freezing blood or plasma samples causes inaccurate measures of NMN levels."

In the Liu study you keep referring to, she froze the blood / plasma samples before testing for NMN, thereby causing inaccuracies in her measurement of NMN levels, thereby requiring that one disregards all of her conclusions regarding NMN blood / plasma levels.

If Freezing cause problems, it should cause more problems for NR since you say NR is less stable.

[Hermuller]

If Freezing cause problems, it should cause more problems for NR since you say NR is less stable.

I guess it depends on the conditions that keep a particular molecule stable? I don't know what freezing/thawing does to it exactly and the paper doesn't explain why, but only says it affects both NMN and NR measurements in this context negatively.

 

edit: It doesn't seem to specify which molecule (NR/NMN) "suffers" more tho, maybe they don't know, only that it creates inaccuracies?

Edited by Hermuller, 29 May 2020 - 08:37 PM.

[smithx]

Are you certain that it's the apoptosis that is releasing the virus?

 

I've seen that the virus buds from the cell membrane.  In that case, it may be that apoptosis is triggered as a defense mechanism to stop further viral replication by the cell. 

 

 

Are you sure of that? SARS, another coronavirus, stimulates apoptosis to get out of the infected cells. High NAD+ levels stimulate mito fission, and fission is required for apoptosis. 

 

[smithx]

They can reference studies, and they can say "these are interesting studies about NMN and COVID-19, but they can't say that NMN "prevents or treats" any disease, without clinical trials and FDA approval.

 

It's often a subtle point of language, actually,

 

 

wtf? where is the freedoom of speech? alivebynature should be able to say anything they want especially if they have proof with studies.

 

[Turnbuckle]

Are you certain that it's the apoptosis that is releasing the virus?

 

I've seen that the virus buds from the cell membrane.  In that case, it may be that apoptosis is triggered as a defense mechanism to stop further viral replication by the cell. 

 

 

You've seen this? With some similar viruses, apoptosis is activated to release the virus.

 

 

 

Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Induces Programmed Cell Death in Infected Cells through a Caspase-Dependent Pathway

In conclusion, the present study provided evidence that TGEV [a porcine coronavirus] can act as a true apoptotic inducer in cultured cells. The available data point to oxidative stress as a possible trigger for TGEV-induced apoptosis. However, owing to the recognized complexity of this biological process, additional investigations are needed to substantiate this view. An important finding is that TGEV-induced cell death could be efficiently prevented by a caspase inhibitor, consistent with the notion that apoptosis potentially represents a major mechanism in the viral CPE. Accordingly, it would be interesting to examine in vivo whether PCD plays a role in the pathogenesis of TGEV infection. Finally, TGEV is, to our knowledge, the first coronavirus reported to trigger direct apoptosis in infected cells. It would be worth pursuing investigations to determine whether such a property could be shared by other members of this family.

https://www.ncbi.nlm...cles/PMC110052/

 

 

 

The coughing associated with the present covid virus suggests there is apoptosis going on. It's known that SARS even gets non-infected cells to undergo apoptosis, which likely enhances transmission by increasing the coughing response. Both apoptosis and necrosis are stimulated -- 

 

https://www.ncbi.nlm...les/PMC1900074/

https://www.ncbi.nlm...les/PMC7176189/

 

Necrosis can also by activated in programmed fashion by mito fission --

 

LIM kinase-2 induces programmed necrotic neuronal death via dysfunction of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission

https://www.nature.c...icles/cdd201417

 

 

Thus stimulating fusion is far more likely to help than stimulating fission.

Edited by Turnbuckle, 30 May 2020 - 01:22 AM.

[smithx]

You've seen this? With some similar viruses, apoptosis is activated to release the virus.

 

Do you have any references for this? I'm finding it hard to find them, but do recall that it's budding and have seen micrographs showing budding.

 

Also, this paper on the lifecycle of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, which are the ones used for viral activity assays and in vitro drug screening for this virus indicates that the new virus particles emerge through membrane fusion of a vesicle in which they form.

https://pubmed.ncbi....h.gov/15170625/

[Turnbuckle]

Do you have any references for this? I'm finding it hard to find them, but do recall that it's budding and have seen micrographs showing budding.

 

Also, this paper on the lifecycle of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, which are the ones used for viral activity assays and in vitro drug screening for this virus indicates that the new virus particles emerge through membrane fusion of a vesicle in which they form.

https://pubmed.ncbi....h.gov/15170625/

 

From my post you quoted--

 

 

The coughing associated with the present covid virus suggests there is apoptosis going on. It's known that SARS even gets non-infected cells to undergo apoptosis, which likely enhances transmission by increasing the coughing response. Both apoptosis and necrosis are stimulated -- 

 

https://www.ncbi.nlm...les/PMC1900074/

https://www.ncbi.nlm...les/PMC7176189/

 

 

 

With the first link you don't have to read past the title --

 

Induction of Apoptosis by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 7a Protein Is Dependent on Its Interaction with the Bcl-XL Protein

 

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 7a protein, which is not expressed by other known coronaviruses, can induce apoptosis in various cell lines.

 

 

The severe acute respiratory syndrome in covid 19 (aka SARS-CoV-2) likely also comes from apoptosis, as budding would not provide the same level of damage. A recent paper on this new virus found extensive apoptosis in the lungs of a hamster model --

 

Results: The Syrian hamster could be consistently infected by SARS-CoV-2. Maximal clinical signs of rapid breathing, weight loss, histopathological changes from the initial exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage with extensive apoptosis...

https://pubmed.ncbi....h.gov/32215622/

 

[Fredrik]

Alivebynature isn´t the only company trying to make a profit off of the deadly pandemic with fraudulent NMN and NAD+ "cures".

 

"Federal Agencies Take Action Against Fraudulent COVID-19 Products"

 

https://content.govd...lletins/28f0c4b

Edited by Fredrik, 07 June 2020 - 06:48 PM.