Also I'd be weary of anything modifying the brain over the internet... my advice... try Neuroprogramming first, as piracetam/choline takes a while to figure out your exact ratio, see if you like the programming after a couple weeks (not sure how long it takes to see results), and if you want anything more after that try out piracetam. The reason i say this is depending on how you're buying piracetam (bulk or capsules) and which choline source you're using (choline bitarate - Lecithin - Alpha-GPC), you'll end up spending the same amount (in a month or three) as if you just buy the software. I personally, and many others will say the same, found that Piracetam decreased focus, it will enhance memory and a variety of other things (anti viral too i think) but focus is an iffy (Piracetam reviews) and really depends on too many factors to use it for just that cause. What exactly are you looking to enhance btw? Focus, mental processing, creativity?
Mysticpsi, I downloaded the 15 day trail of Neuro Programmer 2 (thanks for pointing me to it) and am going to give it a go. Definitely felt the increase in blood flow to the brain after a session.
My 2 weeks or so using Piracetam and a choline source (Citicoline or GPC-Choline) has been great. 2.4g Piracetam and 250mg of choline source, twice daily.
My goal is to be able to read better. Focus, concentrate.
When reading isn't going well, the desire is there, it's just as if there is something between the page and I and I can't get to the words - effort towards the page fighting against a great resistance.
On the Piracetam it has been amazing. It is a thought-creation drug for me. I'm flooded with thinking, brain-forward and able to chew up the pages like I want to.
The other effects of Piracetam are nice, too (calmer, theta waves, creativity, etc).
Stimulants don't seem to work for me. Modafinil, Oxiracetam, etc. got me feeling awake and speedy, but not filled with thoughts and able to read.
So maybe I'm ADD, inattentive type, not sure.
Four research articles of interest:
[1] This one is on Piracetam and potentiation of already present neurotransmission and modulated ion flux:
1: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1994 May;19(2):180-222.Links
Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics.
Gouliaev AH, Senning A.
Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark.
Nearly three decades have now passed since the discovery of the piracetam-like nootropics, compounds which exhibit cognition-enhancing properties, but for which no commonly accepted mechanism of action has been established. This review covers clinical, pharmacokinetic, biochemical and behavioural results presented in the literature from 1965 through 1992 (407 references) of piracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, etiracetam, nefiracetam, aniracetam and rolziracetam and their structural analogues. The piracetam-like nootropics are capable of achieving reversal of amnesia induced by, e.g., scopolamine, electroconvulsive shock and hypoxia. Protection against barbiturate intoxication is observed and some benefit in clinical studies with patients suffering from mild to moderate degrees of dementia has been demonstrated. No affinity for the alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta-, muscarinic, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, dopamine, adenosine-A1-, mu-opiate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (except for nefiracetam (GABAA)), benzodiazepine and glutamate receptors has been found. The racetams possess a very low toxicity and lack serious side effects. Increased turnover of different neurotransmitters has been observed as well as other biochemical findings, e.g., inhibition of enzymes such as prolylendopeptidase. So far, no generally accepted mechanism of action has, however, emerged. We believe that the effect of the racetams is due to a potentiation of already present neurotransmission and that much evidence points in the direction of a modulated ion flux by, e.g., potentiated calcium influx through non-L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, potentiated sodium influx through alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor gated channels or voltage-dependent channels or decreases in potassium efflux. Effects on carrier mediated ion transport are also possible.
PMID: 8061686 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[2] This one is on Piracetam and increasing the efficacy but not the potency of AMPA:
1: J Neurochem. 1992 Apr;58(4):1199-204.Links
Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in neuronal cultures.
Copani A, Genazzani AA, Aleppo G, Casabona G, Canonico PL, Scapagnini U, Nicoletti F.
Institute of Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, Italy.
Micromolar concentrations of piracetam, aniracetam, and oxiracetam enhanced alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-stimulated 45Ca2+ influx in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Nootropic drugs increased the efficacy but not the potency of AMPA and their action persisted in the presence of the voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker nifedipine. Potentiation by oxiracetam was specific for AMPA receptor-mediated signal transduction, as the drug changed neither the stimulation of 45Ca2+ influx by kainate or N-methyl-D-aspartate nor the activation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis elicited by quisqualate or (+-)-1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. Piracetam, aniracetam, and oxiracetam increased the maximal density of the specific binding sites for [3H]AMPA in synaptic membranes from rat cerebral cortex. Taken collectively, these results support the view that nootropic drugs act as positive modulators of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptors in neurons.
PMID: 1372342 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[3] This one is on Piracetam and endogenous steroids [a steroid-enhancer for the mind?]:
1: Brain Res. 1990 Jan 1;506(1):101-8.Click here to read Links
Involvement of a steroidal component in the mechanism of action of piracetam-like nootropics.
Mondadori C, Bhatnagar A, Borkowski J, Häusler A.
Pharmaceutical Research Department, CIBA-GEIGY Limited, Basle, Switzerland.
Since adrenalectomy abolishes the memory-enhancing effects of piracetam and its derivatives, oxiracetam, aniracetam and pramiracetam, the question arises whether endogenous steroids play a role in their mechanism of action. We show that inhibition of steroid biosynthesis by aminoglutethimide and blockade of the aldosterone receptors by epoxymexrenone completely suppress the memory-improving effects of the nootropics. These results indicate that steroids, or, more precisely, activities mediated by the aldosterone receptors, might be involved in the mechanism of action of this class of nootropics. Blockade of aldosterone receptors, however, does not block the effects of cholinomimetics on memory, indicating the involvement of another mechanism of action.
PMID: 2137359 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[4] On Piracetam and membrane (phospholipids) fluidity:
1: Acta Pol Pharm. 2005 Sep-Oct;62(5):405-9.Links
Piracetam--an old drug with novel properties?
Winnicka K, Tomasiak M, Bielawska A.
Department of Drug Technology, Medical University of Białystok, 1 Kilińskiego Str., 15-089 Białystok, Poland.
Piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine-acetamide), the most common of the nootropic drugs, is a cyclic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The treatment with piracetam improves learning, memory, brain metabolism, and capacity. Piracetam has been shown to alter the physical properties of the plasma membrane by increasing its fluidity and by protecting the cell against hypoxia. It increases red cell deformability and normalizes aggregation of hyperactive platelets. Piracetam is an agent with antithrombotic, neuroprotective and rheological properties. The interaction of this molecule with the membrane phospholipids restores membrane fluidity and could explain the efficacy of piracetam in various disorders ranging from dementia and vertigo to myoclonus and stroke.
PMID: 16459490 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Edited by Rags847, 18 December 2007 - 11:58 AM.