Ok so in an attempt to point down the real actives (which I belive to be the Dimethyl and Diethyl PEA) I closed out the ingredients most of us know (just refering to those with known more or less significant influence on brain function):
Creatine MonohydrateA placebo-controlled double-blind experiment found that a group of subjects composed of vegetarians and vegans who took 5 grams of creatine per day for six weeks showed a significant improvement on two separate tests of
fluid intelligence,
Raven's Progressive Matrices, and the backward digit span test from the
WAIS. The treatment group was able to repeat longer sequences of numbers from memory and had higher overall
IQ scores than the control group. The researchers concluded that "supplementation with creatine significantly increased intelligence compared with placebo."
[31] A subsequent study found that creatine supplements improved cognitive ability in the elderly.
[32] A study on young adults (0.03 g/kg/day for six weeks, e.g., 2 g/day for a 70-
kilogram (150
lb) individual) failed to find any improvements.
Trimethylglycine (Betaine)TMG is an organic
osmolyte that occurs in high concentrations (10s of millimolar) in many marine invertebrates, such as crustaceans and molluscs. It serves as a potent appetitive attractant to generalist carnivores such as the predatory sea-slug
Pleurobranchaea californica.
[4]TMG is an important
cofactor in
methylation, a process that occurs in every cell of mammals to synthesize and donate
methyl groups (CH
3) for other processes in the body. These processes include the synthesis of
neurotransmitters such as
dopamine,
serotonin. Methylation is also required for the biosynthesis of
melatonin and the
electron transport chainconstituent
coenzyme Q10.
The major step in the methylation cycle is the remethylation of homocysteine, which can occur via either of two pathways. The major pathway involves the enzyme
methionine synthase, which requires vitamin B
12 as a cofactor, and also depends indirectly on
folate and various other B vitamins. The minor pathway involves
betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and requires TMG as a cofactor. Betaine is thus involved in the synthesis of many biologically important molecules, and may be even more important in situations where the major pathway for the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine has been compromised by genetic polymorphisms
L-CitrullineIn recent studies, citrulline has been found to relax blood vessels. (not necessarily relevant for cognition - but may lower bp caused by the PEAs)
N-MethyltyramineNMT is a
pressor, with a potency of 1/140 x
epinephrine.
[3] On the basis of experiments using dogs, Hjort described NMT as a "very good pressor agent": a blood pressure rise of >130 mm and ~ 5 minutes duration was produced by the injection of 1-2.5 μM of solutions of the HCl salt into dogs weighing ~ 10 kg.
[4]Subcutaneous administration of 10 mg/kg of the HCl salt of NMT to mice enhanced the release of
norepinephrine from the heart by 36% over control, measured after 2 hrs.
[5]It is known to be a stimulator of
pancreatic secretions in rats.
[6]NMT has been shown to be an
agonist of the
TAAR1, similarly to its parent compound
tyramine.
[7]TAAR1B-PEA concentration in the brain is associated with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. It is hypothesized that insufficient B-PEA levels result in TAAR1 inactivation and overzealous monoamine uptake by transporters, possibly resulting in depression (see "Discussion" in [2][9]). Some anti-depressants function by inhibiting MAO, which increases the concentration of trace amines, which is speculated to increase TAAR1 activation in presynaptic cells (see "Discussion" in[2][4]). Decreased B-PEA metabolism has been linked to schizophrenia, a logical finding considering excess B-PEA would result in over-activation of TAAR1 and prevention of monoamine transporter function. Interestingly, mutations in region q23.1 of human chromosome 6—the same chromosome that codes for TAAR1—have been linked to schizophrenia.[4]TAAR1 activation has also been connected to activation of lymphocyte immuno-characteristics via a PKA and PKC phosphorylation.[5] In the future, problems with lymphocyte function may be reconciled by TAAR1 manipulation.CaffeinePEAThis one is believed not to have any oral activity as long it is taken without an MAOI. I will do more research into MAOI, but won't the other PEAs that do cross the BBB and survive MAO long enough have MAOI properties, being a substrate of MAO themselfes?
Bearing in mind the Methyltyramine does have impact on monoamine transporters may also contribute to PEAs bioavailability (??)
Edited by Cephalon, 14 July 2012 - 04:49 PM.