635 replies to this topic

[caliban]

Some posts have been deleted. Reminder of thread rules in the 1st entry and post #376.

[koala_muncher]

Have been checking regularly for new publications on Google scholar this year for followups on the c60 rat trial (C60 chronic toxicity study).   It's almost 3 years since these trials.  Anyone know of any unpublished tech reports or some interim results?

 

ta

Koala Muncher
 

[Invariant]

There's a study ongoing in Kiev, and there is a crowdfunded study into the effect of C60 on cancer in mice.

 

http://www.longecity...-lifespan-study

[Kalliste]

Here are some that might be related. I'm not qualified to say how much they matter, but I think they are suggestive of "something" going on. At least this stuff in various preparations is not some lethal posion.

 

Polyhydroxylated fullerene attenuates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via a fortifying Nrf2-regulated cellular antioxidant defence system

http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC4010637/

 

Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and metabolic modulators as pharmacological interventions to slow ageing

http://www.sciencedi...734975012001553

 

Effects of fullerenol nanoparticles on acetamiprid induced cytoxicity and genotoxicity in cultured human lung fibroblasts

http://www.sciencedi...048357514001321

 

C₇₀-Carboxyfullerenes as Efficient Antioxidants to Protect Cells against Oxidative-Induced Stress

http://pubs.acs.org/....1021/am4033372

[Kalliste]

One thing that worries me is that the rats lived inside a laboratory with clean air. Is it possible that pollution, smoke and other things like that which normal people are constantly exposed to may react with c60 in the lungs? Has there been any kind of information or research in this direction? I can't find anything in the c60 literature.

[niner]

One thing that worries me is that the rats lived inside a laboratory with clean air. Is it possible that pollution, smoke and other things like that which normal people are constantly exposed to may react with c60 in the lungs? Has there been any kind of information or research in this direction? I can't find anything in the c60 literature.

 

You have to consider a number things- what's likely to get into the lungs, where does it go, where does c60-oo exist in the body, what kind of chemistry is possible with fullerenes, and finally, would the reaction product be harmful.  Without going into any detail whatsoever, my analysis of all of these things tells me that c60-oo is more likely to help you under pollution exposure than to hurt you, but that it's not a magic shield.  You should avoid high toxicity environments whether you use c60oo or not, and if you are doing something that creates dust, wear the appropriate level of protection.  (The 3M 6000 series respirator with P100 particulate cartridges is the nicest non-powered respirator I've ever used.  I just got this setup recently and love it.)

[koala_muncher]

Ok, a recent study confirming that 30 extreme doses (at 2000mg /kg) (compare this to the 0.02mg/kg that humans seem to be taking) don't disturb the full blood picture or electrolytes and also the c60 didn't accumulate in the organs of rats.  Also, it didn't kill the rats.  This is consistent with the prior results of c60 having low toxicity.  So far it looks like we haven't found a LD50 for C60; this is a good thing.  

 

http://www.tandfonli...95#.VFdBpfmUd8E

 

"In this study, male rats were intragastrically exposed to fullerene C₆₀ for 1-day and 30-day periods at daily doses of 2000 and 250 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Fullerene was detected in organs and tissues by HPLC after the extraction from biosamples with toluene. No statistically significant differences in hematological and biochemical parameters of control and treated rats were found after single and multiple administrations. Throughout the observation periods no lethality was observed. At necropsy, no pathomorphological changes in internal organs were recorded. Fullerene was found in stomach, small intestine, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and blood. The amounts of the detected fullerene in comparison to the administered doses are far smaller which is the evidence of its efficient excretion. Hence, it can be assumed that fullerene nanoparticles penetrate from the gastrointestinal tract of rats into the bloodstream and translocate into secondary organs with no pronounced toxic effect in experimental conditions studied."

Edited by koala_muncher, 03 November 2014 - 09:11 AM.

[niner]

Ok, a recent study confirming that 30 extreme doses (at 2000mg /kg) (compare this to the 0.02mg/kg that humans seem to be taking) don't disturb the full blood picture or electrolytes and also the c60 didn't accumulate in the organs of rats.  Also, it didn't kill the rats.  This is consistent with the prior results of c60 having low toxicity.  So far it looks like we haven't found a LD50 for C60; this is a good thing.  

 

http://www.tandfonli...95#.VFdBpfmUd8E

 

"In this study, male rats were intragastrically exposed to fullerene C₆₀ for 1-day and 30-day periods at daily doses of 2000 and 250 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Fullerene was detected in organs and tissues by HPLC after the extraction from biosamples with toluene. No statistically significant differences in hematological and biochemical parameters of control and treated rats were found after single and multiple administrations. Throughout the observation periods no lethality was observed. At necropsy, no pathomorphological changes in internal organs were recorded. Fullerene was found in stomach, small intestine, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and blood. The amounts of the detected fullerene in comparison to the administered doses are far smaller which is the evidence of its efficient excretion. Hence, it can be assumed that fullerene nanoparticles penetrate from the gastrointestinal tract of rats into the bloodstream and translocate into secondary organs with no pronounced toxic effect in experimental conditions studied."

 

Wow, those were megadoses!  The question is, what form was it?  That usually makes a lot of difference.  Anyone have access to the full text?

[Turnbuckle]

So far it looks like we haven't found a LD50 for C60; this is a good thing.  

 

 

 

 

This isn't relevant to C60evoo. The only way to get this dosage into a rat is to employ nC60, where n is rather large. So it's like feeding rats sand in their food and then making a generalization to fumed silica. Judging by the journal, however--Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures--the thrust of this work is to show that C60 powder is not dangerous in industrial environments, not to demonstrate its safety as a drug.

Edited by Turnbuckle, 03 November 2014 - 02:16 PM.

[Kalliste]

 

So far it looks like we haven't found a LD50 for C60; this is a good thing.  

 

 

 

 

This isn't relevant to C60evoo. The only way to get this dosage into a rat is to employ nC60, where n is rather large. So it's like feeding rats sand in their food and then making a generalization to fumed silica. Judging by the journal, however--Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures--the thrust of this work is to show that C60 powder is not dangerous in industrial environments, not to demonstrate its safety as a drug.

 

 

It shows that centrifuging and whatever isn't necessary doesn't it? I'll see if I can find full text via my employers system but it's hopeless a mess of a joke so I might be unable to dig this out. Will give it a try later today.

[Turnbuckle]

 

 

So far it looks like we haven't found a LD50 for C60; this is a good thing.  

 

 

 

 

This isn't relevant to C60evoo. The only way to get this dosage into a rat is to employ nC60, where n is rather large. So it's like feeding rats sand in their food and then making a generalization to fumed silica. Judging by the journal, however--Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures--the thrust of this work is to show that C60 powder is not dangerous in industrial environments, not to demonstrate its safety as a drug.

 

 

It shows that centrifuging and whatever isn't necessary doesn't it? I'll see if I can find full text via my employers system but it's hopeless a mess of a joke so I might be unable to dig this out. Will give it a try later today.

 

 

 

It shows that rats will live as much as 30 days without significant changes in the parameters tested. 

[Turnbuckle]

Another recent C60 paper is very interesting from the standpoint of memory--

 

 

The role of low levels of fullerene C60 nanocrystals on enhanced learning and memory of rats through persistent CaMKII activation.

 

Engineered nanomaterials are known to exhibit diverse and sometimes unexpected biological effects. Fullerene nanoparticles have been reported to specifically bind to and elicit persistent activation of hippocampal Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a multimeric intracellular serine/threonine kinase central to Ca(2+) signal transduction and critical for synaptic plasticity, but the functional consequence of that modulation is unknown. Here we show that low doses of fullerene C60 nanocrystals (Nano C60), delivered through intrahippocampal infusion and without any obvious cytotoxicity in hippocampal neuronal cells, enhance the long-term potentiation (LTP) of rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 320 μg/kg of Nano C60, once daily for 10 days, also enhanced spatial memory of rats in addition to an increase of LTP. In parallel, both the IH and IP administration of Nano C60 increased the autonomous activity and the level of threonine 286 (T286) autophosphorylation of CaMKII, enhanced post-synaptic AMPA/NMDA ratio, and triggered time-dependent activation of ERK and CREB. Our results reveal a striking and highly unexpected ability of Nano C60 in positively modulating learning and memory, an effect that is most likely manifested through locking CaMKII in an active conformation, and may have significant implications for the potential therapeutic applications of fullerene C60, a classic engineered nanomaterial.

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/25129570

 

 

Another paper notes: Our results underscore the critical importance of specific interactions between nanoparticles and cellular signaling proteins, and the ability of nano-C60 to sustain the autonomous kinase activity of CaMKII may have significant implications for both the biosafety and the potential therapeutic applications of fullerene C60.

 

CaMKII is thought to be associated with AD, though it's not clear to me that C60's influence would help or hurt.

 

Neuronal Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II--discovery, progress in a quarter of a century, and perspective: implication for learning and memory.

 

Much has been learned about the activity-dependent synaptic modifications that are thought to underlie memory storage, but the mechanism by which these modifications are stored remains unclear. A good candidate for the storage mechanism is Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II). CaM kinase II is one of the most prominent protein kinases, present in essentially every tissue but most concentrated in brain. Although it has been about a quarter of a century since the finding, CaM kinase II has been of the major interest in the region of brain science. It plays a multifunctional role in many intracellular events, and the expression of the enzyme is carefully regulated in brain regions and during brain development. Neuronal CaM kinase II regulates important neuronal functions, including neurotransmitter synthesis, neurotransmitter release, modulation of ion channel activity, cellular transport, cell morphology and neurite extension, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and gene expression. Studies concerning this kinase have provided insight into the molecular basis of nerve functions, especially learning and memory, and indicate one direction for studies in the field of neuroscience. This review presents the molecular structure, properties and functions of CaM kinase II, as a major component of neurons, based mainly developed on findings made in our laboratory.

 

https://www.jstage.j.../28_8_1342/_pdf

 

 

 

The spherical C60 molecule would seem ideal for an interaction with this kinase geometry (just as with UCP2 in the mitochondria)--

 

 

 

 

 

Attached Files

•  Kinase.JPG   53.18KB   2 downloads

Edited by Turnbuckle, 03 November 2014 - 04:11 PM.

[Kalliste]

I too saw a couple of papers slip by while browsing the 2015 archives, some of them seemed promising though they related to different types of formulation. I did see the phrase neuroprotective more than once. I can't find them now but will try tomorrow back at work.

[Kalliste]

Found a bunch of papers, I'm sure some of them have been posted before but I can't recall seeing some of these here. They relate to different types of C60.

 

The applications of buckminsterfullerene C60 and derivatives in orthopaedic research.

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/24409811

 

Pristine C(60) fullerenes inhibit the rate of tumor growth and metastasis.

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/21956470

 

Comparison of anti-angiogenic properties of pristine carbon nanoparticles

http://www.nanoscale...content/8/1/195

 

Nanoparticles of carbon allotropes inhibit glioblastoma multiforme angiogenesis in ovo

http://www.dovepress...wed-article-IJN

 

Shape Effect of Carbon Nanovectors on Angiogenesis

http://pubs.acs.org/....1021/nn901465h

 

A Cationic [60] Fullerene Derivative Reduces Invasion and Migration of HT-29 CRC Cells in Vitro at Dose Free of Significant Effects on Cell Survival

http://www.nmletters...n-cell-survival#

 

Reduction of conspicuous facial pores by topical fullerene: possible role in the suppression of PGE₂ production in the skin

http://www.jnanobiot.../content/12/1/6

 

[60]Fullerene derivative modulates adenosine and metabotropic glutamate receptors gene expression: a possible protective effect against hypoxia

http://www.jnanobiot...content/12/1/27

 

Interaction of fullerene nanoparticles with biomembranes: from the partition in lipid membranes to effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics.

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/24361870

 

Photodynamic anti-cancer effects of fullerene [C₆₀]-PEG complex on fibrosarcomas preferentially over normal fibroblasts in terms of fullerene uptake and cytotoxicity.

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/24496749

[APBT]

 

Ok, a recent study confirming that 30 extreme doses (at 2000mg /kg) (compare this to the 0.02mg/kg that humans seem to be taking) don't disturb the full blood picture or electrolytes and also the c60 didn't accumulate in the organs of rats.  Also, it didn't kill the rats.  This is consistent with the prior results of c60 having low toxicity.  So far it looks like we haven't found a LD50 for C60; this is a good thing.  

 

http://www.tandfonli...95#.VFdBpfmUd8E

 

"In this study, male rats were intragastrically exposed to fullerene C₆₀ for 1-day and 30-day periods at daily doses of 2000 and 250 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Fullerene was detected in organs and tissues by HPLC after the extraction from biosamples with toluene. No statistically significant differences in hematological and biochemical parameters of control and treated rats were found after single and multiple administrations. Throughout the observation periods no lethality was observed. At necropsy, no pathomorphological changes in internal organs were recorded. Fullerene was found in stomach, small intestine, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and blood. The amounts of the detected fullerene in comparison to the administered doses are far smaller which is the evidence of its efficient excretion. Hence, it can be assumed that fullerene nanoparticles penetrate from the gastrointestinal tract of rats into the bloodstream and translocate into secondary organs with no pronounced toxic effect in experimental conditions studied."

 

Wow, those were megadoses!  The question is, what form was it?  That usually makes a lot of difference.  Anyone have access to the full text?

 

 

 

FULL TEXT:  http://www.tandfonli...83X.2014.949695

[Kalliste]

Not working for me. Can you read it and say what form they used.

[Turnbuckle]

 

 

FULL TEXT:  http://www.tandfonli...83X.2014.949695

 

 

The file might not open on some computers, so here are the relevant parts--

 

2.3 Preparation of Fullerene C60 Dispersions for Administration to Animals

 

A weighed sample of fullerene was triturated with a 1% aqueous solution of starch containing 0.1% Tween-80. The dispersion was sonicated for 5 min using a Sonopuls HD 3100 ultrasonic homogenizer (Bandelin, Germany). Animals were exposed to dispersions of C60 no later than 15 min after the preparation.

 

 

 

This method is unlikely to produce any dissolved C60 whatsoever. So what is being tested here is nC60 in a dispersed powder form, where n is large. 

2.4 Experimental Design

 

The maximum tolerated dose of fullerene was determined in experiments performed for 14 days. The doses were 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg of body weight. In the case of exposure to single and multiple doses of fullerene, the duration of the experiments was 1 and 30 days, respectively. The dose used for the single exposure was 2000 mg/kg of body weight; for multiple exposures, the daily dose was 250 mg/kg of body weight over a 30-day period.

 

 

 

After the experiments (up to 30 days), all the animals were killed, so no long term data is available. 

Edited by Turnbuckle, 04 November 2014 - 01:00 PM.

[APBT]

FULLERENES, NANOTUBES AND CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES

Attached Files

•  FULLERENES, NANOTUBES AND CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES.pdf   161.13KB   13 downloads

[Kalliste]

Interesting post on FA today about stem cells and the lungs. The FA post is not specifically about c60.

But there was a previous c60 discussion here related to possible improved lung capacity.

 

The Lung Can Regenerate

https://www.fightagi...-regenerate.php

[Metrodorus]

I came across a 2014 paper today that set out to find out if Baati's results could be justified computationally, assuming mitochondrial activity of fullerene.

 

The paper title is  "Can C60 fullerene demonstrate properties of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant from the computational point of view?"

 

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Volume 8, 2014

 

Abstract— Theoretical examination of one hypothesis explaining fullerene C60 anti-oxidant potential has been done with Density Functional Theory (DFT). We found that a mechanism involving fullerene-mediated proton transport through inner mitohondria membrane is feasible from the computational point of view.

 

[smithx]

Great reference Metrodorus.

 

Here's my summary:

- The authors propose that C60 may reduce the mitochondrial production of superoxide by decreasing the charge potential across the mitochondrial membrane. 

- A 10% decrease in such potential reduces superoxide by a factor of 10.

- Too much decrease in potential is toxic.

- The authors did not say this, but it would make sense that it may be possible to overdose on C60, reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential by too much, and cause problems such as reduced ATP synthesis.

 

- They did a quantum-mechanical analysis of C60 either alone or surrounded by water molecules to determine whether it can absorb protons

- They found that each C60 molecule can absorb (contain) up to 6 protons and that this wasn't influenced by surrounding water molecules.

- They did not model C60 with lipids.

 

So the good news is that there's now support for the idea that C60 could work to reduce mitochondrial production of superoxides, and therefore extend life.

 

The bad news is that it may be dose-critical, and a too-high dose may be damaging.

 

 

 

 

[Invariant]

Great reference Metrodorus.

 

Here's my summary:

- The authors propose that C60 may reduce the mitochondrial production of superoxide by decreasing the charge potential across the mitochondrial membrane. 

- A 10% decrease in such potential reduces superoxide by a factor of 10.

- Too much decrease in potential is toxic.

- The authors did not say this, but it would make sense that it may be possible to overdose on C60, reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential by too much, and cause problems such as reduced ATP synthesis.

 

- They did a quantum-mechanical analysis of C60 either alone or surrounded by water molecules to determine whether it can absorb protons

- They found that each C60 molecule can absorb (contain) up to 6 protons and that this wasn't influenced by surrounding water molecules.

- They did not model C60 with lipids.

 

So the good news is that there's now support for the idea that C60 could work to reduce mitochondrial production of superoxides, and therefore extend life.

 

The bad news is that it may be dose-critical, and a too-high dose may be damaging.

 

A key question is then whether or not a large dose of C60 will decrease the charge potential across the mitochondrial membrane more than a smaller dose. We have not seen any toxicity, so it may be that there is a limiting effect, or that the dose required for a toxic decrease in potential is very high.

[Turnbuckle]

A paper which shows that hydrogen inside C60 increases the quenching rate for singlet oxygen--Can H2 Inside C60 Communicate with the Outside World? The attached plot is from that paper, showing the difference between empty C60 and C60 containing hydrogen (blue) or deuterium (red).

 

 

 

Attached Files

•  Hydrogen in C60.JPG   23.04KB   5 downloads

[niner]

I came across a 2014 paper today that set out to find out if Baati's results could be justified computationally, assuming mitochondrial activity of fullerene.

 

The paper title is  "Can C60 fullerene demonstrate properties of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant from the computational point of view?"

 

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Volume 8, 2014

 

Abstract— Theoretical examination of one hypothesis explaining fullerene C60 anti-oxidant potential has been done with Density Functional Theory (DFT). We found that a mechanism involving fullerene-mediated proton transport through inner mitohondria membrane is feasible from the computational point of view.

 

This paper is a re-hash of Chistyakov's 2013 paper that I critiqued in this thread.  It's essentially the same stuff, and is barking up the same wrong tree.   The main problem is that they are considering the interior of a cell to be similar to the interior of a cyclotron- in that they think there are free protons flying around.  In reality, those protons would be bound to water as H3O+.  There's just no way that a hydronium ion is going to squeeze its way into 60; in fact just getting a hydrogen molecule in requires that the c60 be created around the hydrogen by organic synthesis.  Their mild uncoupling idea isn't consistent with in vivo observations in humans.  If anything, c60oo appears to be making more, rather than less ATP.    C60 analogs have been shown to have superoxide dismutase activity, so there is already a chemically sensible explanation for a reduced level of superoxide.  I was excited when I saw the title of their latest paper, but ultimately disappointed.

[Metrodorus]

Thanks for that input, niner.

 

Another useful paper I stumbled across today, is useful mainly because it systematically summarises so much of the recent literature. It does not seem to offer anything new.

http://scholarsresea...-5-3-99-139.pdf

Fullerene nanoparticles operating the apoptosis and cell proliferation

processes in normal and malignant cells.

 

 

Another study I saw seems to indicate that aged fullerene is not cytotoxic - albeit that the fullerene studied  was deposited on slides by vapour deposition.

 

http://www.mdpi.com/...7/14/5/9182/htm

Growth and Potential Damage of Human Bone-Derived Cells on Fresh and Aged Fullerene C60 Films - See more at: http://www.mdpi.com/...h.KsD4Eqe1.dpuf

 

 

 

 

[Metrodorus]

I have not read of many primate studies with fullerene. This one from 22 July 2014 seems interesting - particularly from a toxicity perspective. 

Annals of Neurology

Volume 76, Issue 3, pages 393–402, September 2014

Carboxyfullerene neuroprotection postinjury in Parkinsonian nonhuman primates   Objective

We evaluated the efficacy of the potent antioxidant C₃ to salvage nigrostriatal neuronal function after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exposure in nonhuman primates. C₃ is a first-in-class functionalized water-soluble fullerene that reduces oxygen radical species associated with neurodegeneration in in vitro studies. However, C₃ has not been evaluated as a neuroprotective agent in a Parkinson model in vivo.

Methods

Macaque fascicularis monkeys were used in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study design. MPTP-lesioned primates were given systemic C₃ (n = 8) or placebo (n = 7) for 2 months starting 1 week after MPTP. Outcomes included in vivo behavioral measures of motor parkinsonism using a validated nonhuman primate rating scale, kinematic analyses of peak upper extremity velocity, positron emission tomography imaging of 6-[¹⁸F]fluorodopa (FD; reflects dopa decarboxylase) and [¹¹C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ; reflects vesicular monoamine transporter type 2), ex vivo quantification of striatal dopamine, and stereologic counts of tyrosine hydroxylase–immunostained neurons in substantia nigra.

Results

After 2 months, C₃-treated monkeys had significantly improved parkinsonian motor ratings, greater striatal FD and DTBZ uptake, and higher striatal dopamine levels. None of the C₃-treated animals developed any toxicity.

Interpretation

Systemic treatment with C₃ reduced striatal injury and improved motor function despite administration after the MPTP injury process had begun. These data strongly support further development of C₃ as a promising therapeutic agent for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 

 

[Kalliste]

Thank you Metrodorus. I had not seen those studies in the past. The paper on fullerene-films is interesting in relation to the discussions on this board about storagetime of C60oo.

[Pyrion]

Yesterday when i was pondering what i read about the immediate effects of c60 (what other people reported and a bit of my own experience), an idea struck me. Could it be that C60 directly affects red blood cells? I read that people taking c60 and donating blood reported unusual red blood color. More oxigenated blood cells could maybe explain the endurance effect a lot of people report (including me).

 

Since my medical knowledge is not very deep, i am posting this for the experts here to discuss or refute. Thanx for reading.

 

[Metrodorus]

Several large rats have reported effects related to muscle fatigue.

 

A researcher - possibly coming across these references on a thread such as this, has conducted experiments on rats, giving data to back up these anecdotal reports.

 

The pdf can be downloaded from here:

http://www.irbis-nbu..._2014_7_3_6.pdf

 

DM Nozdrenko, KI Bogutska, YI Prylutskyy… - Biotechnologia …, 2014 - irbis-nbuv.gov.ua

Effect of pristine C60 fullerene aqueous colloid solution (C60FAS; 1 mg/kg dose) on the 
dynamics of fatigue processes in rat soleus muscle after ischemia-reperfusion injury using 
the tensiometric method was studied.

 

 "Protective

effect of C60FAS unmodified fullerene aqueous colloid solution relative to changes in the levels of

muscle contraction strength generation between the beginning and end of stimulated irritation was

15% in the first 5 h after ischemia and increased to 92% on the 5th day of the experiment. In such

a case, the intravenous therapeutic administration of C60 fullerene aqueous colloid solution was the

most optimal: the protective effect was 67% versus 49% under intramuscular administration.

Thus, the development of biomedical nanotechnology with the application of pristine C60 unmodified

fullerene as a strong antioxidant opens up new possibilities in prevention and treatment of ischemic muscular injury."

 

[Kalliste]

That was interesting Metrodorus. The kind of work that I hope gets attention by the medical community. Trying this substance on people whose life are in danger might be easier for an ethical board to recognize. Is there anything we can do to make the medical community aware of this?

 

What exactly do they mean by C60FAS? If I'm reading it right it's not terribly different from lipofullerenes. IV seemed to be the most effective, but I guess we can afford to stay away from that.