4029 replies to this topic

[Groundhog Day]

Lostfalco,

 

Would intranasal insulin have any affect on serotonin levels? I have used the intranasal insulin to basically cure my long-term insulin resistance. My appetite has gone from extreme to barely noticeable. It feels like my brain is out of jail and free to think about other things. It's been amazing, but in the last week, my sleep pressure has disappeared (long-time chronic insomnia) and I'm wide awake at night.

 

I have a lot going on medically, so I'm not convinced at all they are related, but was wondering.

[lostfalco]

Lostfalco,

 

Would intranasal insulin have any affect on serotonin levels? I have used the intranasal insulin to basically cure my long-term insulin resistance. My appetite has gone from extreme to barely noticeable. It feels like my brain is out of jail and free to think about other things. It's been amazing, but in the last week, my sleep pressure has disappeared (long-time chronic insomnia) and I'm wide awake at night.

 

I have a lot going on medically, so I'm not convinced at all they are related, but was wondering.

Hey Groundhog Day, that's pretty freaking cool that i-insulin has cured your long-term insulin resistance!

 

My guess is that this is going on (abstract below) among other things: http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/22586589

 

I've been gathering all of the human studies I can find on i-insulin this morning and I haven't seen anything related to its effects on serotonin.

 

I'm collecting them here. http://www.lostfalco...ain-injury-etc/

 

I'll let you know if I find anything on serotonin as I keep sifting through all of the human data. 

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/22586589

 

Diabetes.

2012 Sep;61(9):2261-8. doi: 10.2337/db12-0025. Epub 2012 May 14.

Intranasal insulin suppresses food intake via enhancement of brain energy levels in humans.

Jauch-Chara K1, Friedrich A, Rezmer M, Melchert UH, G Scholand-Engler H, Hallschmid M, Oltmanns KM.

Author information

 

Abstract

Cerebral insulin exerts anorexic effects in humans and animals. The underlying mechanisms, however, are not clear. Because insulin physiologically facilitates glucose uptake by most tissues of the body and thereby fosters intracellular energy supply, we hypothesized that intranasal insulin reduces food consumption via enhancement of the neuroenergetic level. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject comparison, 15 healthy men (BMI 22.2 ± 0.37 kg/m(2)) aged 22-28 years were intranasally administered insulin (40 IU) or placebo after an overnight fast. Cerebral energy metabolism was assessed by (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At 100 min after spray administration, participants consumed ad libitum from a test buffet. Our data show that intranasal insulin increases brain energy (i.e., adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine levels). Cerebral energy content correlates inversely with subsequent calorie intake in the control condition. Moreover, the neuroenergetic rise upon insulin administration correlates with the consecutive reduction in free-choice calorie consumption. Brain energy levels may therefore constitute a predictive value for food intake. Given that the brain synchronizes food intake behavior in dependence of its current energetic status, a future challenge in obesity treatment may be to therapeutically influence cerebral energy homeostasis. Intranasal insulin, after optimizing its application schema, seems a promising option in this regard.

Edited by lostfalco, 26 June 2016 - 08:10 PM.

[Arshy]

Hi LF,

 

how is the long article u r working on going? when will it be published? also r u working on anything specifically for mood enhancement? thanks

[normalizing]

hi i cannot seem to find a way to sign up on mimaki family pharmacy and its frustrating me so damn much. all i can find is login, but no actual create new account. i cant believe im not seeing it, any else can guide me?

[lostfalco]

hi i cannot seem to find a way to sign up on mimaki family pharmacy and its frustrating me so damn much. all i can find is login, but no actual create new account. i cant believe im not seeing it, any else can guide me?

Hey normalizing, I just checked out the site and I see what you mean...there doesn't seem to be an option for creating an account or checking out as a guest (on my browser, at least). 

 

I was on that site two days ago and there was definitely an option for creating a new account/checking out as a guest then. 

 

Sorry, man. The best i can tell you for now is to try different browsers and/or periodically check back and see if it changes in the next few days. 

 

I'll keep checking as well and let you know if it changes. 

[lostfalco]

Hi LF,

 

how is the long article u r working on going? when will it be published? also r u working on anything specifically for mood enhancement? thanks

Hey Arshy, thanks for asking! ha

 

The Genesis Protocol article is going extremely well...but it is long as f#$k. 

 

I'm currently going back through all of the human research on all of the substances just to make sure there is nothing that I've missed. 

 

I've started collecting some of the abstracts here. 

http://www.lostfalco...ain-injury-etc/

http://www.lostfalco...ve-enhancement/

http://www.lostfalco...in-enhancement/

 

As you can probably guess, LLLT, intranasal insulin, and ibudilast will all play large roles. 

 

Speaking of which...those three substances have all shown great promise for mood enhancement. 

 

If you wanted to keep it simple, I would try LLLT + intranasal insulin for improving your mood. 

 

If you wanted to go crazy, this combo is pretty amazing: LLLT + i-insulin + ibudilast + tadalafil + agomelatine. 

 

There is evidence for mood enhancement in humans for all them and my experience strongly bears this out. 

 

They are also extremely synergistic for focus, concentration, synaptogenesis, learning and memory.

 

Of course, start with one substance at a time and add them in this order in low doses.  

 

LLLT - every other day

i-insulin -- 10 IU after breakfast, 10 IU after dinner

ibudilast -- 10 mg upon waking, 10 mg halfway through your day

tadalafil -- 5 mg upon waking

agomelatine -- 10 mg 1 hour before bed

 

You can find where to buy all of them here. 

http://www.lostfalco...harmaceuticals/

http://www.lostfalco.com/devices/

Edited by lostfalco, 27 June 2016 - 04:57 PM.

[Lucas N]

Hey falco, great the new recommendations.

Right now I'm with this current protocol:

 

LLLT - every other day with 96 led array, 1 minute per spot

PQQ - 20mg the days when I do LLLT.

i-insulin -- 20 IU after breakfast

ibudilast -- not yet, difficult to afford

tadalafil -- not yet, difficult to afford

agomelatine -- I can buy Valdoxan? This is new in your protocol. What's for?

galantamine -- 8mg after breakfast

noopept -- 10mg after breakfast, 10mg halfway through your day -- (do you think that this can impact negatively on this protocol?)

nicotine lozenge -- 1mg in the morning. 1mg halfway through your day

l-ephedrine -- some mornings

l-theanine -- 100mg in the morning. -- 200mg at night.

 

I love your new posts, very to the point and comprehensive. The wavelenght post is beautiful.

 

I'm still trying to do optimize the big 6, having some trouble to find time to meditate.

 

Thanks for all man. 

 

Edited by Lucas N, 27 June 2016 - 05:41 PM.

[lostfalco]

Hey falco, great the new recommendations.

Right now I'm with this current protocol:

 

LLLT - every other day with 96 led array, 1 minute per spot

PQQ - 20mg the days when I do LLLT.

i-insulin -- 20 IU after breakfast

ibudilast -- not yet, difficult to afford

tadalafil -- not yet, difficult to afford

agomelatine -- I can buy Valdoxan? This is new in your protocol. What's for?

galantamine -- 8mg after breakfast

noopept -- 10mg after breakfast, 10mg halfway through your day -- (do you think that this can impact negatively on this protocol?)

nicotine lozenge -- 1mg in the morning. 1mg halfway through your day

l-ephedrine -- some mornings

l-theanine -- 100mg in the morning. -- 200mg at night.

 

I love your new posts, very to the point and comprehensive. The wavelenght post is beautiful.

 

I'm still trying to do optimize the big 6, having some trouble to find time to meditate.

 

Thanks for all man. 

No problem, Lucas. =)

 

Very nice stack! Makes sense that it would work so well for you. 

 

I totally get the affordability issue. I'm stretching myself pretty thin as well. 

 

For tadalafil, at least, enter the code JJ40 on superior peptide's payment page. I have no idea who JJ is and I have no affiliation with superior peptide but I surfed around and found it and it works for 40% off. Makes tadalafil much more affordable. 

 

Agomelatine is the first approved anti-depressant that primarily targets melatonin receptors (and the 5HT2C receptor (antagonist)). It can help synchronize circadian rhythms and increases prefrontal dopamine and norepinephrine release. 

 

It also has a favorable side effect profile (though I'd be cautious if you have liver issues and I wouldn't take more than 10 mg) and can be stopped immediately without withdrawal effects (unlike many classical anti-depressants).

 

I use it mainly to target axonogenesis. 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC4356342/

 

Cell Death Differ. 2015 Apr;22(4):583-96. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2014.195. Epub 2014 Dec 12.

The MT2 receptor stimulates axonogenesis and enhances synaptic transmission by activating Akt signaling.

Liu D1, Wei N1, Man HY2, Lu Y3, Zhu LQ1, Wang JZ1.

Author information

Abstract

The MT2 receptor is a principal type of G protein-coupled receptor that mainly mediates the effects of melatonin. Deficits of melatonin/MT2 signaling have been found in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, suggesting that preservation of the MT2 receptor may be beneficial to these neurological disorders. However, direct evidence linking the MT2 receptor to cognition-related synaptic plasticity remains to be established. Here, we report that the MT2 receptor, but not the MT1 receptor, is essential for axonogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. We find that axon formation is retarded in MT2 receptor knockout mice, MT2-shRNA electroporated brain slices or primary neurons treated with an MT2 receptor selective antagonist. Activation of the MT2 receptor promotes axonogenesis that is associated with an enhancement in excitatory synaptic transmission in central neurons. The signaling components downstream of the MT2 receptor consist of the Akt/GSK-3β/CRMP-2 cascade. The MT2 receptor C-terminal motif binds to Akt directly. Either inhibition of the MT2 receptor or disruption of MT2receptor-Akt binding reduces axonogenesis and synaptic transmission. Our data suggest that the MT2 receptor activates Akt/GSK-3β/CRMP-2 signaling and is necessary and sufficient to mediate functional axonogenesis and synaptic formation in central neurons.

 

Edited by lostfalco, 28 June 2016 - 06:44 PM.

[ceridwen]

@lostfalco none of the things you suggest ship to the UK. It is not possible to buy vials of insulin here.

[Nuke]

Hi ceridwen

 

It the same here in SA, you need a prescription. I would suggest that you show your doctor the research and just ask for a script. Here is a good place to work from http://www.alzforum....s/nasal-insulin

 

Btw if you can't get the normal vials, an insulin pen refill works too. Its only 3ml, but you can use a needle to draw it out, the plunger of the refill slides pretty easily. 

[lostfalco]

@lostfalco none of the things you suggest ship to the UK. It is not possible to buy vials of insulin here.

Yeah, I'm sorry about that ceridwen. =(

 

As Nuke mentioned, take copies of some of the abstracts on intranasal insulin for Alzheimer's to your doctor and see if you can get a prescription. 

 

Here are most of the human studies and a number of them are Alzheimer's related. http://www.lostfalco...ain-injury-etc/

Hi ceridwen

 

It the same here in SA, you need a prescription. I would suggest that you show your doctor the research and just ask for a script. Here is a good place to work from http://www.alzforum....s/nasal-insulin

 

Btw if you can't get the normal vials, an insulin pen refill works too. Its only 3ml, but you can use a needle to draw it out, the plunger of the refill slides pretty easily. 

Thank you, sir! You're awesome for helping. 

[normalizing]

well thats fucking great. just when i finally went for the buy it blocks new users. so what now, use proxy to get my shit, damn this

[lostfalco]

well thats fucking great. just when i finally went for the buy it blocks new users. so what now, use proxy to get my shit, damn this

Yeah, sorry man. You could always try messaging them. Here's the contact page:  https://www.mimaki-f...an.com/contact/

 

[normalizing]

ok i got response. it seems they are remodeling the website but im not sure when this will happen and i was told even registered members might have to re-register and/or switch personal information around, change passes etc. for some security reason. however, very inconvenient time since i had to get several things from there in a certain time period and just so it happens this remodeling happens when i try to shop there! what a shitty lucky

 

edit: it take one month to ship from japan to US, yes? thats why timing is bad now

Edited by normalizing, 29 June 2016 - 01:07 PM.

[Werper]

Actually,  you are in luck.   I have some for offer with just one 10 mg pill missing.    You could have some this week/early next week.

Edited by Werper, 29 June 2016 - 02:41 PM.

[normalizing]

actually i was trying to buy yokukansan and various other things from there and i was making a list actually ever since i found out about this online pharmacy and just the day i was ready, they do this crap. anyway, im curious if it does take one month for delivery because now i cannot even bother anymore

[normalizing]

lostfalco i have a question about agomelatine, if it works on the melatonin receptors why not just use plain ol' cheap melatonin instead? last i checked, agomelatine is quite expensive also not many doctors would prescribe that one

 

second question, why not use sildenafil instead of tadalafil, is there an important difference in here?

[lostfalco]

lostfalco i have a question about agomelatine, if it works on the melatonin receptors why not just use plain ol' cheap melatonin instead? last i checked, agomelatine is quite expensive also not many doctors would prescribe that one

 

second question, why not use sildenafil instead of tadalafil, is there an important difference in here?

Melatonin is fine. 

 

Sildenafil works great too. I almost always mention both of them when I talk about PDE5i for this reason. I like tadalafil because of the long half life but if someone prefers sildenafil it's an excellent choice as well. 

[normalizing]

lostfalco, i finally managed to register on their website and guess what, ibudilast is no longer available! such nice shitty luck. i guess you guys brought all of the stock, greedy bastards. either that or they just stopped selling it for suspicious reasons noticing influx of international sales of it and i assume it requires prescription. well, thats some shit!

[Bluecheer]

 

lostfalco i have a question about agomelatine, if it works on the melatonin receptors why not just use plain ol' cheap melatonin instead? last i checked, agomelatine is quite expensive also not many doctors would prescribe that one

 

second question, why not use sildenafil instead of tadalafil, is there an important difference in here?

Melatonin is fine. 

 

Sildenafil works great too. I almost always mention both of them when I talk about PDE5i for this reason. I like tadalafil because of the long half life but if someone prefers sildenafil it's an excellent choice as well. 

 

​How has your focus been when using Agomelatine, falco... Anything obviously notable?

​Ever sense you have talked about agomelatine... I have been increasingly curious of it.

 

​Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27286139 
Agomelatine as a treatment for ADHD

​

 

​
 

[normalizing]

bluecheer he agrees melatonin is just fine for this purpose as we know agomelatine needs prescription and its quite expensive so not sure why your curious has peaked so much

[lostfalco]

lostfalco, i finally managed to register on their website and guess what, ibudilast is no longer available! such nice shitty luck.

It looks available to me. https://www.mimaki-f...item_branch=001

 

Did you try to order it and it didn't work?

 

Edit: actually, you're right...it looks like it's backordered at the moment. 

 

Just give it a little time. It'll probably be available again soon. 

 

For those wondering what it is and what it does....I wrote about it here. http://www.lostfalco...n-fog-two-step/

 

I'm collecting every human study here. http://www.lostfalco...ve-enhancement/

Edited by lostfalco, 01 July 2016 - 02:23 PM.

[lostfalco]

​How has your focus been when using Agomelatine, falco... Anything obviously notable?

 

 

 

​Ever sense you have talked about agomelatine... I have been increasingly curious of it.

 

​Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27286139 
Agomelatine as a treatment for ADHD

Hey Bluecheer...yeah, I do notice an increase in focus on it. It definitely feels like it increases dopamine and norepinephrine release. 

 

Make sure you read up on the risk before trying it and make an informed decision. http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/27342740

 

I think my risk is pretty low at 10mg but I totally understand if someone isn't comfortable trying it.  

Edited by lostfalco, 02 July 2016 - 04:40 AM.

[lostfalco]

We've all heard that exercise is good for the brain...and irisin is one possible reason why. 

 

It is now well established that skeletal muscle is a secretory organ that releases substances into the the blood (myokines) that subsequently cross the blood brain barrier and affect the brain. 

 

There was some controversy a few years back about whether irisin was such a substance but the newest evidence points strongly toward it's existence and efficacy...even in picomolar concentrations.

 

Therefore...exercise! (As though you haven't heard that a gazillion times. ha)

 

"Elevation of peripheral irisin level stimulates hippocampal genes related to neuroprotection, learning and memory."

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/27356237

 

Biomol Concepts. 2016 Jun 29. pii: /j/bmc.ahead-of-print/bmc-2016-0012/bmc-2016-0012.xml. doi: 10.1515/bmc-2016-0012. [Epub ahead of print]

Can irisin be a linker between physical activity and brain function?

Zhang J, Zhang W.

Abstract

Irisin was initially discovered as a novel hormone-like myokine released from skeletal muscle during exercise to improve obesity and glucose dysfunction by stimulating the browning of white adipose tissue. Emerging evidence have indicated that irisin also affects brain function. FNDC5 mRNA and FNDC5/irisin immunoreactivity are present in various regions of the brain. Central irisin is involved in the regulation of neural differentiation and proliferation, neurobehavior, energy expenditure and cardiac function. Elevation of peripheral irisin level stimulates hippocampal genes related to neuroprotection, learning and memory. In this brief review, we summarize the current understanding on neuronal functions of irisin. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons for this molecule as a potential messenger mediating the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and central nervous system during exercise.

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/26278051

 

Cell Metab. 2015 Oct 6;22(4):734-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.08.001. Epub 2015 Aug 13.

Detection and Quantitation of Circulating Human Irisin by Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Jedrychowski MP1, Wrann CD2, Paulo JA3, Gerber KK2, Szpyt J3, Robinson MM4, Nair KS4, Gygi SP5, Spiegelman BM6.

Author information

Abstract

Exercise provides many health benefits, including improved metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cognition. We have shown previously that FNDC5, a type I transmembrane protein, and its circulating form, irisin, convey some of these benefits in mice. However, recent reports questioned the existence of circulating human irisin both because human FNDC5 has a non-canonical ATA translation start and because of claims that many human irisin antibodies used in commercial ELISA kits lack required specificity. In this paper we have identified and quantitated human irisin in plasma using mass spectrometry with control peptides enriched with heavy stable isotopes as internal standards. This precise state-of-the-art method shows that human irisin is mainly translated from its non-canonical start codon and circulates at ∼ 3.6 ng/ml in sedentary individuals; this level is increased to ∼ 4.3 ng/ml in individuals undergoing aerobic interval training. These data unequivocally demonstrate that human irisin exists, circulates, and is regulated by exercise.

 

 

 

Edited by lostfalco, 01 July 2016 - 05:04 PM.

[normalizing]

 

​How has your focus been when using Agomelatine, falco... Anything obviously notable?

 

 

 

​Ever sense you have talked about agomelatine... I have been increasingly curious of it.

 

​Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27286139 
Agomelatine as a treatment for ADHD

Hey Bluecheer...yeah, I do notice an increase in focus on it. It definitely feels like it increases dopamine and norepinephrine release. 

 

Make sure you read up on the risk before trying it and make an informed decision. http://www.ncbi.nlm....ubmed/27342740 

 

I think my risk is pretty low at 10mg but I totally understand if someone isn't comfortable trying it.  

 

 

 

page not found

 

if agomelatine works on the melatonin receptors, shouldnt it help with sleep (which it states it does) instead of making you more focused and energetic?

 

[lostfalco]

page not found

 

if agomelatine works on the melatonin receptors, shouldnt it help with sleep (which it states it does) instead of making you more focused and energetic?
 

Look dude, answering you and dealing with your constant negativity is not a good use of my time. 

 

I've been patient enough with you but you are actually making it not fun for me to post on Longecity anymore. 

 

I've had a great time posting here for over three years and I really want to keep contributing to the community so instead of leaving I'm just going to delete every post you make from now on. 

 

I'm going to leave this here for the record since you are the only person I've ever had to do this with. 

 

I've given you months but you are no longer welcome on this thread. 

 

Post whatever you want elsewhere.

 

Genuine questions and honest inquiries are one thing but life is too short for me to deal with constant complainers and incessant negativity. 

 

You're just not the type of person I want in my life.

 

I wish I could help everyone, and I've tried to help you for the past few months, but I think that's best left to someone else.

 

Nevertheless, I genuinely hope that you find what you're looking for.

 

Good luck to you, 

LF

Edited by lostfalco, 02 July 2016 - 04:43 AM.

[Nuke]

Speaking of irisin. Glu-Asp-Arg is Pinealon and  Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly is Epitalon

 

 

 

Irisin produced by muscles during exercise and promoting fat burning also exhibits geroprotective effect and induces telomere elongation in normal somatic cells. Special attention is paid to studies of the role of peptides Lys-Glu, Glu-Asp-Arg, and Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly in epigenetic regulation of irisin content. The data suggest that the immunomodulatory peptide Lys-Glu and neuroprotective peptide Glu-Asp-Arg modulate the life span by modulating irisin gene expression.

 

http://link.springer...0517-016-3167-y

Use sci-hub to grab the full text.

[cheekz]

Hey LF,

 

I've been reading up on your success with Ibudilast and found it really interesting. I assume you're familiar with the vagus nerve infection theory? That theory seems to tie in very well with your own findings from what I've read of your research. Interestingly, I tried galantamine for the first time recently and had somewhat of a vagal episode (severe nausea, sweating, dizzy, pale, general malaise), which is the same thing I get very easily from exerting myself too much while exercising.

 

The vagus nerve keeps appearing wherever I look, and following on from the vagus nerve infection theory I'm tempted to perhaps try antivirals to see what nootropic effects (if any) they might have. It appears to me that glial cell inhibition with drugs such as Ibudilast may be very effective at treating the symptoms, but perhaps antivirals might treat the root cause. After all, what is the cause of the excessive microglial activation that you're treating? Would love to hear your thoughts on that.

[MindExplorer]

Lostfalco, have you combined PDE inhibitors with modafinil? I had found modafinil too emotionally dulling, but I've given it another try and it seems much better when I have PQQ (plus ubiquinol) and/or some caffeine in me. In fact, it lets me raise my PQQ dose to 20mg without feeling overstimulated and paradoxically brainfoggy (it widens PQQ's upside-down U into a monospaced font for me :D ). Do you happen to know if PDE inhibitors (in particular ibudilast or PDE5is) are said to be contraindicated with dopaminergics?

[lostfalco]

Rodent study. 

 

"This study showed that non-invasive tLLLT using 10-Hz pulsed NIR (810 nm) laser light was as effective as Citalopram and more effective than red laser in the treatment of depressive-like behaviors and may help improve tLLLT as an alternative non-pharmacological treatments of psychological disorders such as depression."

 

Here are all of the transcranial studies in humans for those who want to take a look. =)  http://www.lostfalco...in-enhancement/

 

 

https://www.ncbi.nlm...pubmed/27367569

 

Lasers Surg Med. 2016 Jul 1. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22542. [Epub ahead of print]

Therapeutic effects of 10-HzPulsed wave lasers in rat depression model: A comparison between near-infrared and red wavelengths.

Salehpour F^1,2, Rasta SH^1,3,2,4, Mohaddes G¹, Sadigh-Eteghad S¹, Salarirad S^4,5.

Author information

 

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

The application of transcranial low-level light/laser therapy (tLLLT) in the range of red to near-infrared (NIR) spectrum for psychological disorders is a new area that is attracting growing interest in recent years. The photomodulation effects of NIR and red coherent lights on the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in neuronal cells of brain have been recently introduced. This study, therefore, sought to compare the therapeutic effects of 10-Hz pulsed wave NIR (810 nm) laser with red (630 nm) laser using the same delivered energy density and Citalopram in rat chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression and anxiety.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

CMS procedures (for 4 weeks) were used to induce stress. GaAlAs diode laser with red and NIR wavelengths on 10-Hz pulsed wave (50% duty cycle) were used to perform tLLLT treatment for three weeks. An energy density of about 1.2 J/cm-² per each session was delivered through a light spot with a diameter of 3-mm to the prefrontal cortex for both wavelengths. Citalopram (10 mg/kg, Intraperitoneal) was administered for twenty-one consecutive days to the drug group.

RESULTS:

The findings of the present study showed an increase in swimming and decrease in immobility time, for both NIR laser and Citalopram groups compared to the stress group in forced swimming test. Anxiety-like behaviors showed insignificant decrease in all treatment groups in elevated plus maze test. The induction of stress significantly increased serum cortisol levels and treatments with both red laser and Citalopram decreased it. Hyperglycemia induced by CMS returned to normal levels in all treatment groups. The assessment of body weight also showed a significant increase in NIR laser group compared to the stress group by the end of the experiment.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study showed that non-invasive tLLLT using 10-Hz pulsed NIR laser light was as effective as Citalopram and more effective than red laser in the treatment of depressive-like behaviors and may help improve tLLLT as an alternative non-pharmacological treatments of psychological disorders such as depression. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.