Selective κ Opioid Antagonists nor-BNI, GNTI and JDTic Have Low Affinities for Non-Opioid Receptors and Transporters
http://www.plosone.o...2B4E2C96C218FD9
Fatalities after GNTI
After 30 mg kg-1 GNTI dihydrochloride, all three mice unexpectedly became ataxic, followed by convulsions and death within 11 minutes of injection. To confirm that this was not due to an impurity, the experiment was repeated with an equimolar dose of a different salt from a different supplier (bis-trifluoroacetate, 39 mg kg-1). Again, all three mice died within 18 minutes. At 10 mg kg-1, GNTI caused no fatalities in 15 mice monitored for at least 30 minutes. This difference was of extremely high statistical significance (p < 0.0001 by Fisher’s Exact test, two tailed). Even at 100 mg kg-1, no fatalities occurred after nor-BNI (3 mice, p = 0.01 vs. GNTI) or JDTic (6 mice, p = 0.002). Only mild behavioral effects, such as hiccup-like spasms and shivering, were observed. The lower toxicity of these two drugs, despite their comparable potency as κ antagonists, suggests that GNTI's toxicity may involve some form of efficacy or a different target.
http://www.biomedcen.../1471-2210/12/5
Is there any evidence that nor-BNI is orally active?