Since exercise is seen as enhancing longevity and health-span, one should ask what is happening to mitochondria due to exercise. Do they gain methylation or lose it? You'd expect they would lose it, and they do, at least with the obese subjects studied in this paper--
Changes in DNA Methylation
Both resistance and endurance exercise training induced hypomethylation. ... Together these data suggest that endurance and resistant training induce epigenetic changes in different molecular pathways.
https://www.ncbi.nlm...les/PMC4200377/
Fig. 2 gives a dramatic picture of what happens to mito methylation with exercise.
And another paper on healthy but sedentary men--
Acute Exercise Remodels Promoter Methylation in Human Skeletal Muscle
DNA methylation is a covalent biochemical modification controlling chromatin structure and gene expression. Exercise elicits gene expression changes that trigger structural and metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle. We determined whether DNA methylation plays a role in exercise-induced gene expression. Whole genome methylation was decreased in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from healthy sedentary men and women after acute exercise...Collectively, our results provide evidence that acute gene activation is associated with a dynamic change in DNA methylation in skeletal muscle and suggest that DNA hypomethylation is an early event in contraction-induced gene activation.
http://www.cell.com/...58?showall=true
Here's an interesting article on epigenetics, methylation, and exercise.
http://www.bodybuild...epigentics.html
One excerpt:
"Your Natural Methylation Brigade
As stated earlier, scientists like Dr. Cooney have discovered that several natural supplements have the ability to enhance the methylation process, keeping you juiced at the cellular, genetic and metabolic level, where anabolic action or drive starts and is maintained. The synopsis that follows will give you a brief overview of some of the dynamic methylating agents that will keep your anabolic processes working overtime. You may also be surprised to find out that these aren’t your household power names like beta-alanine, ribose, nitric oxide, glutamine, whey, HMB or carnitine to name a few. However, based on what we have learned here they are the spark that ignites, maintains, protects and rejuvenates metabolic pathways, atoms, genes and not only virtually all of your body’s internal anabolic activities, but life’s processes. The synopsis that follows outlines some key methylation agents:
1.Dimenthyglycine (DMG) – DMG is a methylated amino acid found in all cells. It serves as a methyl donor and also acts as a powerful antioxidant. While this amino acid enhances immunity, it is best known for its ability to increase energy levels. Studies indicate that DMG has the ability to increase stamina by 40% by its ability to oxygenate cells and reducing the production of lactic acid, which causes muscle fatigue.
2.Inositol – In cases of under methylation researchers utilize this B-vitamin due to the fact it is one of the primary secondary messengers responsible for stabilizing over excitable neurotransmission signals between brain cells. This action will keep you on an even keel and mentally focused reducing anxiety and improving sleep.
3.SAME – SAME is one of the body’s primary methyl donating agents in the body. It is responsible for initiating one of the body’s most dominant methylation cascade of reactions, in which the amino acid methionine is used to methylate proteins and DNA. However, a by-product of methionine breakdown is homocysteine that has been linked to heart disease. SAME is responsible for methylating homocysteine so that it can be converted back to methionine. Methionine assists in the breakdown of fats, acts as an antioxidant and is involved with the proper metabolism of the amino acids L-cysteine, gluthione and taurine. It also helps the body manufacture glucose and glycogen to fuel tired muscles and also assists in the synthesis of creatine, epinephrine and melatonin, all powerful anabolic compounds.
4.Tri_Methyl-Glycine (TMG) – TMG, also known as betaine, is metabolized into DMG during the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine. It is considered to be one of the most effective known methylation agents. It regenerates SAME production, and like SAME has powerful anti-depressant properties. Studies have shown that it can also decrease fat production. Researchers contend that human subjects have experienced a loss of 5 pounds of fat while gaining as much as 12 pounds of muscle at dose ranges of 500-2,000 mg/d. TMG also elevates glutathione one of the body’s most powerful antioxidants and liver detoxifying agents. TMG also improves mood, sleep patterns and increases stamina, as well as being intimately involved in methylation processes that keep homocysteine in balance.
5. Methylated With B-12
Vitamin B-12 is known as the red vitamin and is critical to proper energy production, immune function, the formation of red blood cells and the proper utilization of iron. It is also needed for proper digestion, food absorption, carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Based on the above attributes it appears that vitamin B-12 may be one vitamin that serves as a co-enzyme that jump-starts and regulates many anabolic processes.
Well, for all intents and purposes it is involved in over 100 enzymatic reactions, which also includes protein metabolism and its proper synthesis. As you know, protein metabolism is a term used to denote the bio-chemical processes the body uses to breakdown proteins into amino acids. This is referred to proteolysis. There is also emerging time data that shows that vitamin B-12 when methylated has a direct impact on muscle hypertrophy (the increase in size of muscle cells) via its metabolic amplifying effect on protein and amino acid synthesis."
Edited by zorba990, 24 June 2017 - 04:35 AM.
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