I am interested in hearing thoughts on this study... whether it is faulty or worth making a mental note about.
Human dosages after I converted the lowest 1g/kg for rats = 162 mg/kg. So 90 kg human = 14.5 grams per day.
I take around one gram per day and I think most people are in that range as well.
https://www.hindawi....am/2013/786528/
Unexpected Nephrotoxicity in Male Ablactated Rats Induced by Cordyceps militaris: The Involvement of Oxidative Changes
Herein, we carried out the 28-day repeated toxicity test in male and female ablactated rats (three weeks old) given C. militaris powder orally at 0 (control), 1, 2, and 3 g/kg per day. Noticeable increments of serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (ALT and AST) levels were observed for both sexes, suggestive of weak hepatic toxicity. Nephrotoxicity characterized by tubular epithelium degeneration and necrosis was observed at the high dose, and the male rats were more susceptible to renal toxicity than female rats. In addition, the genes and protein expressions of novel markers of kidney toxicity, such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were enlarged in the renal cortex and the urine. Moreover, C. militaris treatment significantly decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. However, the ratio of glutathione oxidized form (GSSG)/glutathione reduced form (GSH) was increased by C. militaris treatment. We conclude that dietary contamination with C. militaris may have renal toxicity potentials, at least in part by causing oxidative damage to the kidney.
KIM-1 Expression
CCM treatment caused significant up-regulation of kIM-1 gene and protein expression in the renal cortex and the urine (Figure 4). In details, kIM-1 mRNA levels in male rats were increased of 4-, 20-, or 61-fold versus control by 1, 2, and 3 g/kg treatment, respectively (Figure 4(a)), whereas kIM-1 mRNA increment in female rats was only observed at the high dose (16-fold versus control). The protein level of kIM-1 also amplified significantly in male rats (35-fold) (Figure 4(b)). The same tendency, although not statistically significant, was noted in urine kIM-1 expression in male rats (Figure 4©). Nevertheless, no significant difference of kIM-1 protein level was observed in both renal cortex and urine for the female rats.
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GR, GPx, and GST) and the oxidative stress maker GSSG/GSH ratio in renal cortex of ablactated rats given CCM are summarized in Table 7. For male rats, a significant reduction in SOD, CAT and GPx activities in 3 g/kg group was observed compared with the control group. The same tendency, although not statistically significant, was noted in GR activity. As expected, GSSG/GSH ratio was enhanced in CCM-treated rats. No changes were observed in the GST activity. For female rats, only SOD activity exhibited a decline and GSSG/GSH ratio showed an apparent increase, and the differences reached the level of statistical significance.
Edited by highlightfocus, 15 January 2018 - 01:31 AM.